What is the use of the Globe ?

The use of the Globe is of the great ease, certainty,& pleasure as that the commendations thereof cannot sufficiently be expressed, for of all Instruments it is the most rare and excellent, whose conclusions are infallible, giving the true line, angle, and circular motion of any Course or Travers that may in Navigation happen, whereby the longitude and latitude is most precisely known, & the certainy of distance very plainly manifested accorning to the true nature thereof: it giveth the variation of the Compass, and the hour or time of the day at all seasons, and in all places. And by the Globe, the Poles height may at all instants, & upon every point of Azumuth of the horizon by the Suns altitude taken, be most precisely known, by the certainty of whose excellent use the skilful Pilot shall receive content in his pleasing practise governautick.

How are distances measured upon the Globe ?

• When there are two places aligned, the distance between which you desire to know, with a pair of circular Compasses you must do it in this sort:
• set one foot of the Compasses upon one of the places, & the other foot upon the other place, the Compasses so stretched forth, bring unto the Equator, and as many degrees as may be contained between those two points of the Compass, allowing 20 leagues for every degree, is the distance desired:
• or if the places be of such distance as that you cannot with your Compasses reach them, then take with your Compasses 5 deg. of the Equator which is 100 leag. or 10 deg. for 200 leag. and so measure how often the distance is contained between the said places, if any part of a Degree both remain, for half a deg. allow 10 leag. for a quarter 5 leag.&c.
• But if you desire a most exquisite preciseness in measuring of the minute, second & third, then do thus, when your Compasses do fall upon any part of a deg. note the distance between the end of that deg: and the point of the Compasses, then with a pair of convenient Compasses take the distance, then measure the same 60 times upon the Equator, (beginning at some certain place) then consider how many deg. are contained within the measure, and allow every deg. to be a mile, so are the leagues and miles known, if any part of a deg. remain upon the measure of min. do as at the first, measuring the same 60 times upon the Equator, the degrees comprehended within the measure, are seconds:
• if any parcel of a deg. remain upon those seconds, do as in the first, and the deg. contained in this measure are thirds, and so you may proceed infinitely.

How may the Globe be rectified answerable to the true position of the Heavens, for any place, or promontory.

• The place being known for which you would rectifie the Globe, do thus:
• Bring the place under the Meridian, and there consider the latitude thereof: and as many deg. as that place is from the Equator, so many deg. you must elevate the Pole from the horizon, then bring the Zenith directly over the same place,& so is your Globe rectified for the Execution of any practise: and without this ordering of the Globe, there is no conclusion to be executed by the same.

How is the Longitude of places known by the Globe ?

• By turning the Globe within the Meridian, you must bring the Promentory Bay, Harborow, City, or other place (whole latitude and longitude you seek) precisely under the Meridian, there holding the Globe steady, the degree of the Meridian that is directly over the said place, sheweth the latitude thereof, and that degree of the Equinoctial which is directly under the Meridian is the longitude of the same place.

How is the Corse found between place and place ?

• Two places being assigned the Corse between which you desire to know, first seek the latitude of one of these places,& rectifie the globe answerable unto the same, as before is taught, then bring that place directly under the Meridian & Zenith,
• if both places be under your Meridian, they then lye North and South, if not then, bring the Quarta altitudo to either place, and note upon what part of the horizon the end of the same toucheth, for that is the precise horizontal Corse between the said places;
• but this you must consider, that the horizontal Corse is not the Navigable Corse, unless the places be of small distance, for if any place bear northeast from me or east from me, or upon any other point, North or South excepted, and be distant 500 leagues, if I sayl upon the Horizontal Corse, I shall never arrive unto the same place.

How then shall the Pilot sail by the Globe, if the matter be so doubtful ?

• The skilful Pilot that useth this excellent Instrument, doth first consider the place from whence he shapeth his Corse, and rectifieth the Globe answerable to the same, then bringing the place directly under the Meridian and zenith, there holding the globe steady, bringeth the quarta altitudo to the place for which he is bound, the end of whereof sheweth upon the Horizon the true horizontal Corse, upon which Corse he saileth 20 or 30 leagues, and there maketh a note or prick by the edge of his Quarta altitudo, according to the true distance proved by corse, reckoning an altitude as in the use of a Chart: then he bringeth that prick or note under the Meridian, and there considreth the true latitude of his being, he then rectifieth the Globe answerable to the same prick, and keeping the same under the Zenith, doth again turn to the quarta altitudo, to the place for which he is bound, the end whereof sheweth upon the Horizon the horizontal corse, then sayling as the first, he maketh a note or prick as before, and thus prosecuting his Corse, shall arrive unto his desired place:
• but in this practice he shall plainly prove that his horizontal corse will differ greatly, and that by his sayling in this sort, he shall by his notes and pricks describe the true Navigable neerest Corses between the said places:
• The like Method is to be observed upon any travers or forced course whatsoever: and therefore the Pilot must take care that although the wind be never so favourable, yet he must not prosecute any Horizontal Corse (North and South only excepted.)
• Therefore I say, the Pilot must take special care to consider the distance of places, whether the Horizontal Corse will lead him between the said places: for if places be more than 45 degrees asunder, the horizontal Corse is not the mean to finde those places: unless they lye North and South: for the horizontle course between any two places, is a portion of a great Circle, which being of large distance, must be performed by a great circle Navigation, and not be Horizontal corses:
• for the collection of many Horizontal Corses being knit together, do perform a Paraboral motion, altogether differing from a great circle: as for example:
• Being at Cape Verde, there is a place distant from me 80 deg. upon the point Northwest, unto which place I desire to sayl, I therefore bring Cape Verde, under the Meridian of my Globe, there considering the latitude of the Cape, I raise the Pole answerable to the same, and place the Zenith directly over the Cape, then turning the quarta altitudo to the point northwest upon the horizon all such places as the said quarta altitudo then toucheth, do bear due Northwest from me now prosecuting this Corse by the direction of my Compass, the first day I sayl 20 leag. therefore I make a mark by the edge of the quarta altitudo 20 leag. from the Zenith, then bringing that mark under the Meridian I rectify the Globe answerable to the latitude thereof, the next day I sayle other 20 leagues upon the same point, and make a mark as at the first. I bring that mark likewise under the Meridian, and rectifie the Globe as before,
• and by this Method prosecuting the Corse N.W. I shall describe a paradoxal line, which will lead me to the North of the place unto which I would sayl, the farther distance, the greater the difference: by this Order you may describe paradoxal lines upon all the points of the Compass, but this is to be regarded, that your differences be as small as you may, and that none of them exceed 20 leagues, for by the smallest distinctions is performed the greatest certainty. And by the description of these lines you may very manifestly understand the differnce of Horizontal, Paradoral, and great Circle Navigation.
• And this may suffice for the sayling use of the Globe, convenient for the Seamans purpose.

How may the Poles height be known by the Globe ?

There are divers ways to find the Poles height up the Globe, as well from the Meridian as upon the same, but with before I have sufficiently taught how by the Suns Meridian Altitude, the Poles height may be found. I will therefore in this place speak no further thereof, but for the other kinds it may be known as followeth:

How by the Suns Rising or Setting, the Poles height may be known.

• By your Compass of variation or some magnetical instrument, observe at the Sun rising, upon what degree of the Horizon the Center toucheth according to the true horizontle position of the Magnet, all variation duly considered, that being known search in the Tables of the Ephimerides, for the Suns place in the Ecliptick, at the time of your observation,
• then bring that place or degree of the ecliptick wherein you find the Sun to be to the Horizon, and move the Meridian of the Globe as occasion requireth, until that observed degree of the Horizon and the Suns place in the Ecliptick so justly touch together, for then is the Pole in his due Elevation, as by the intersection of the Horizon and Meridian may appear, in like sort you may find the Poles Altitude, by any known fixed Star in the Horizon.

To find out the Poles height by the Sun, upon any point of the Compass.

• By the Compass of variation, rectified to the true horizontal position, observe the Sun until he come to any point thereof at your pleasure, and in the same instant take the Sun's height from the horizon, then bring the quarta altitudo to that point of the Compass upon the horizon of the Globe where you observe the Sun to be,
• there holding the quarta altitudo steady, move the Globe until you bring the degree of the Ecliptick (wherein the Sun is at the time of your observation) unto the edge of the quarta altitudo,
• if it fall upon that degree of Altitude as was the Suns observed height, then doth the Pole stand to his true Elevation, but if it agree not, you must elevate or depress the Pole as occasion requireth, rectifing the Zenith anserable thereunto.
• And again make tryal as at the first, bringing the place of the Sun to the quarta altitudo, and setting the same upon the observed point of the Compass, until it agree in all respects with your observation, and then the Meridian sheweth in his interaction with the Horizon, the elevation of the Pole from the Horizon.

To find the Poles height by any given Azumuth by the Sun being above the Horizon.

• By your Magnetical Instrument, or Compass of variation, observe the Azumuth of the Sun at any time in the forenoon, or afternoon, the nearer the Sun is to the horizon, the better shall be your observation, and at the same instant take the height of the Sun from the horizon,
• keep these two numbers in memory, and note that the Azumuth be observed according to the true position of the horizon, by having good regard to the variation of the Compass, then bring the quarta altitudo to the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick, and set that degree of the Suns place in the Ecliptick upon the observed degree of Altitude by the graduation of the quarta altitudo, and if the end thereof at the same instant do fall right upon the observed deg. of Azumuth, then is the Pole in his due elevation:
• if not then raise or lay the Pole as occasion requireth, always regarding that you place the Zenith answerable to the Poles altitude, & then again bring the Suns place to his altitude upon the quarta altitudo, and look again whether the end thereof do touch the observed deg. of the Azimuth upon the horizon,
• if not, you must prosecute this order, until at one instant the place of the Sun be upon his true Almicanter, by the edge of the quarta altitudo, & that the end of the quarta altitudo do also touch the observed deg. of Azumuth upon the horizon, for then is the Pole in his true elevation, as by the Meridian and the Horizon will appear.

To find the Poles height by the Sun, by any two given Azumuths, & Altitudes, not regarding the true horizontal position, or needless variations.

• Because there may great errors be committed in the former observations, unless the Compass be perfectly well rectified, so as it may respect the true parts or distinctions of the horizon, it is not amiss to inform you how without regard of variation, the poles height may be found.
• Therefore by your Magnetical instrument or Compass of variation, observe the Suns Azumuth, without regard of the true horizontal position, and at the same instant observe also his Altitude from the horizon, keep those two numbers in memory, then after the Sun hath moved a point or two points of the Compass more or less at your discretion, observe again his Azumuth and Altitude as at the first, then consider the ark of the Horizon, through which the Sun hath moved between those two Observations,
• for by the two Observations of the Suns Altitude and by the degrees of Azumuth through which the Sun hath moved, the Poles height is thus known:
• First, set the Globe to the Elevation of the place wherein you are as near as you can guess, and bring the Zenith to the like latitude from the Equator, as the poles elevation is from the horizon,
• then bring the quarta altitudo to the place of the Sun upon the ecliptick, for the time of your observation, there place the Sun upon the first observed altitude by the degrees of the quarta altitudo, and not the degree of the Horizon which the quarta altitudo then toucheth:
• this done, bring the Suns place to the second observed altitude, by touching the quarta altitudo & the globe until the degree of the Suns place in the ecliptick, and the degree of his altitude upon the quarta altitudo do meet.
• Then again consider the degrees of the horizon, which the end of the quarta altitudo toucheth, and note the ark of the Horizon contained between your two Observations, of how many degrees it consisteth, if it agree with the observations made by your Magnetical Instrument, then doth the Pole stand in his true altitude, if not, you must either raise or depress the Pole, and again prosecute the former practice, until you finde such Azimuths and Altitudes upon the Globe, as you
  found by your Magnetical observations, for then the Pole doth stand in his true altitude, and then doth also appear the true Azimuth of both your observations, which if it agree not with your Compass, then is your Compass varied, and may hereby be corrected, so that this doth not only give the poles height, but also the true horizontal position without error.

To find the Poles height by taking the Suns altitude above the Horizon, so that the precise time of any such Observation be known.

• If you desire at any time of the day to know the Pole height, as at 8, 9, or 10 of the clock, &c. mark diligently the time of your observation, at what instant you observe the Suns altitude from the horizon the time and altitude thus known,
• bring the place of the ecliptick wherein the Sun is at the time of your observation directly under the Meridian, there holding the Globe steady, bring the Index of the Circulus horarius to the hours of 12, or noon, then move the Globe until the Index come to the hour of your observation,
• there hold the Globe steady, then bring the quarta altitudo to the place of the Sun in the ecliptick, if it agree with your observed altitude, then both the Pole stand in his true Elevation,
• if not, move the Meridian by raising or depressing the pole as occasion requireth, until you bring the altitude and the hour to agree, and then you have the Poles height, and by the end of the quarta altitudo doth also appear the degree of Azumuth, whereupon the Sun was at the time of your observation,
• and note that in raising or depressing the Pole of the Globe, you must also place the Zenith so far from the Equinoctial, as the Pole is from the Horizon; for this is a general rule, that so much as the Pole is elevated from the Horizon, so much is the latitude of the Zenith from the Equator, therefore you must always bring the Zenith and Altitude to agree, whensoever you alter the elevation, be it never so little.

To find the Poles height by any two observations of the Suns Altitude, not regarding the hour of the day, or any horizontal position of the Magnet, so that you know the distance of time between the said Observations.

• Although there be some difficulty in the giving the true time of any observations at the Sea, by reason of the alterations of Horizons, and of the needless variation, yet it is a matter most easie by a good hour-glass, half-hour-glass, and minute-glass, to measure the distance of time between any two observed altitudes, you may therefore upon that ground find the poles height with great facility at any time, by the Sun or any fixed star, in this sort:
• Consider in what place of the Ecliptick the Sun is at anytime of your Observation bring that place to the Meridian, there with a black Lead, by moving the Globe, describe a parallel to the Equator answerable to the Suns diurnal motion and declination for the same instant,
• then if between your Observations there be an hour, two hours, more or less at your pleasure, as by your running glasses may be known, you must allow for every hour 15 degrees of the Equator for so much ascendeth every hour, and for every 4 minutes one degree, and for every min, 1/4 of a degree, then knowing by this Order how many degrees the Sun is moved between your two Observations, you must upon the parallel which you draw make two notes, so many degrees asunder as the Sun hath moved between your Observations, which may be done in this sort:
• bring the place wherein the Sun is under the Meridian, and mark what degree of the Equator is then under the Meridian, the Globe so standing upon your Parallel close by the Meridian, make the first note or mark, then turn the Globe, and reckon the degrees of the Equator that pass under the Meridian, until so many be past as was your Observation,
• there again hold the Globe steady, and upon your parallel close by the Meridian make your second note or mark, then knowing the Suns altitude at both the Observations, you must bring the quarta altitudo to the first note made upon your parallel, there holding the Globe steady, the quarta altitudo, and mark agreeing in altitude,
• bring the quarta altitudo to the second note, if that do also agree with your former observed altitude, then doth the Globe stand in his true Elevation, if not, you must elevate or depress the Pole by diseration, until you bring the two observed altitudes of the Sun to agree with the two marks which you made upon your described parallel, and then is the Pole at his true elevation: and what is spoken of the Sun, the like may be done by any known fixed Star. I hold this conclusion to be very necessary, pleasant, and easie for the Seaman's purpose.

To find the true place of the Sun in the Ecliptick at all times.

Because it is most necessary required in the former practices, that the Suns true place in the Ecliptick be at all times known, I think it not amiss to inform you how the same may be done.

• The chiefest and most certain mean to know the same, is by the Tables of the Ephemerides, but those Tables wanting, the Seaman may in this sort do it:
• By the Regiment seek out the declination of the Sun, that being known, bring the Zenith upon the Meridian, so many deg. and minutes from the Equator as is the Suns declination, then move the Globe until some deg. of the Ecliptick do come directly under the point of the Zenith, for that is the Suns place:
• you must further consider, whether it be between March and June, for then you must find the deg. in that quarter of the Ecliptick, contained between Aries and Cancer: if it be between June and September, you must find the deg. in that quarter of the Ecliptick, contained between Cancer and Libra, or the rest.

It may also be known upon the Horizon of the Globe by a Calendar Circle that is there described, in this sort:

• First, search the day of your Month wherein you desire to know the Suns declination, and directly against the same degree which standeth for that day, doth also stand the degree of the Zodiack wherein the Sun is at the same time, in a Circle representing the Zodiack, and described upon the Horizon. But if it be Leap-year, you must not take the precise day of the Month wherein you see the Suns place, but the next day following, and against that day seek the declination.

To find the Poles height by any two known fixed Stars.

When you see at anytime fixed Stars, which you know to be both of one instant in the Horizon, upon your Globe search for those Stars, and bring one of them to touch the Horizon of the Globe, if the other do not likewise touch the Horizon, you must raise or depress the Pole by discreet moving of the Meridian, until you bring both those Stars to be at one instant in the Horizon, for then the Globe both stand to his true Elevation.

To find the Poles height by any two known fixed Stars another way.

• When you see any fixed Star that you know to be in the Horizon, you must presently take the height of some other Star, that you likewise know, before the first be risen from the Horizon, then upon your Globe search for the Star that you observed in the horizon of the Globe,
• there holding the Globe steady, bring the quarta altitudo to the other Star whose altitude you observed, if it agree upon the quarta altitudo with the observed altitude, then the Globe doth stand to his true elevation; if not, you must by direction raise or lay the Pole, until you find the one Star in the horizon, and the other upon his true observed altitude, for then the Pole doth stand to his true elevation.

To find the Poles height at any time by any two known fixed Stars.

• With your Cross-Staff take the distance of any two Stars from your Zenith, which must be done with as much expedition as may be, their distances so known, with a pair of Compasses, measure so many degrees upon the Equator as is the distance of the first observed Star, with another pair of Compasses do the like for the second observed Star,
• upon the first Star set one point of the Compasses that took this distance, and upon the second Star set likewise one foot of the Compasses that took his distance, bring the other two feet of the Compasses to meet together, there make a mark, for that is the parallel wherein you be, that mark is the Zenith, bring it to the Meridian by moving the Globe, and there will appear the latitude desired, for so many degrees and minutes as that mark is from the Equator, so much is the Pole elevated above the Horizon. This conclusion the Seaman ought to have in good esteem.

To know the precise hour at all times by the Sun.

• For the finding of the hour of the day by the Globe, it is necessary that the Poles height be first known, therefore set the Pole to his true Elevation, and the Zenith to his answerable latitude, then bring the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick under the Meridian, there holding the Globe steady, place the Index of the Circulus horarius upon 12. of the clock.or noon. your Globe is thus ordered.
• then with your Cross-Staff take the Suns height from the Horizon, that being known you must bring the place of the Sun to the quarta Altitudo, by moving the Globe and quarta altitudo until the place of the Sun do agree with the observed altitude, there holding the Globe that be moved not, the Index doth shew upon the Circulus horarius the true hour desired.

To find the Hour of the Night by any known fixed Star.

Set the Globe to his true Altitude, and the Zenith is his answerable Latitude, you must also place the Index of the Circulus horarius upon the hour of 12. or noon, by bringing the Suns place under the Meridian,&c as before you did by the Sun, then take the height of any known fixed Star, bring that star to the quarta altitudo, by moving the Globe and quarta altitudo, until the Star come to his true observed Altitude, there holding the Globe steady, the Index both shew upon the Circulus horarius, the true time of your Observation.

To know the length of the Dayes and Nights, at all times, and in all Places.

• The place and time being given wherein you desire to know the length of the day or night, first set the Globe to his Altitude for the place, then search the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick,
• for the time wherein you seek the dayes length, bring that place of the Sun under the Meridian, there holding the Globe that he move not, place the Index of the Circulus horarius upon the hour of 12 or noon, then turn the Globe until you bring the place of the Sun to touch the East part of the Horizon,
• there holding the Globe, you shall see by the Index of the Circulus horarius, the true time of the Suns Rising, then bring the place of the Sun to the West part of the Horizon, and you shall there see the true time of setting, whereby the length of the day and night doth most plainly appear. And this may suffice for the use of the Globe, necessary for the Seamans use.

I might here recite the Triple Rising and Setting of the Stars.

Costnice, Acronice, and Helace, the ascensions right and oblique, the dawning and twylight, hours equal and unequal, ordinary and planetary, dayes natural and artificial, the triple rising of the Sun, Equinoctical and Solticial, Circles of Position with their use and nature, the Horoscope and domifying distinctions of the Heavens, the Planets, their Motions, Retrogradiations, and Excentricities of their Orbs, Horologie, and many other most pleasant conclusions: but because they do in no sort apertain to the Seamans use, I therefore omit them, as matters more troublesome than profitable for him, wherein these, and many other excellent Conclusions, shall by cunning Demonstration be made known unto us.