How doth the Pilot order these matters, thereby to conduct his Ship from place to place ?

• The Pilot in execution of this part of Navigation, doth with careful regard, consider three especial things, wherupon the full practices are grounded.
• Of which the first is, the good observation of his latitude, which how it may be knowne is before sufficiently expended.
• The second is a carefull regard of his steeredge, with diligent examination of the truth of his Compasse, that it be without variation or other impediments.
• And the third is a carefull consideration of the number of leagues that the Ship sayleth in every hour or watch, to the neerest estimation that possibly he can give, for any two of these three practices being truly given, the third is thereby likewise knowne.

As by the Corse and height the distance is manifested, by the distance and Corse the height is knowne: by the height and distance the Corse is given, of which three things the Pilot hath only his height in certain: the Corse is somewhat doubtfull, and the distance is but barely supposed, notwithstanding from his altitude and Corse he concludeth the truth of his practise, proceeding in this sort.

• First, he considereth in what latitude the place standeth from whence he shapeth his Corse, which for an example shall be the Lysart (The Lizard), standing in 50 degrees of Septentrional (north) latitude, then directing his Corse S.W. sayleth 3 or 4 daies or longer in such thick weather, as that he is not able to make any observation of the Poles altitude,
• in which time he omitteth not to keep an accompt how many leagues the Ship hath sailed upon that Corse as near as he can guesse, which number of leagues in this example shall be 100 according to his judgement:
• then having convenient weather, he observeth in what latitude he is, and findeth himself to be in 47 degrees, now with his Compasses he taketh the distance of 100 leagues, which is the quantity of the Ships run by his supposition, and then setting one foot of the Compasses upon the Lysart, which is the place from whence he began his Corse, and directly South West from the same he setteth the other point of the Compasses, by the direction of another pair of Compasses, in such sort as Corses are found, and there he maketh a prick for the place of his Ships being, according to his reckoning and Corse.
• And now searching whether it do agree with his height, (for the height, Corse, and distance must also agree together) he findeth that his prick standeth in 46 degrees, 26 minutes, but it should stand in 47 degrees to agree with his observation. Therefore perceiving that he hath given the Ship too much way, he bringeth his Corse and observed altitude to agree and then he seeth that his ship hath sailed but 85 leagues, and there he layeth down a prick for the true place of his ships being, according to his Corse and latitude, for so by his Corse and height he findeth the truth of his distance, and reproveth his supposed accompt to the 15 leagues too much:
• and after this sort he proceedeth from place to place, until he arrive unto his desired Port: which is a conclusion infallible, if there be no other impediments, (whereof there hath not being good consideration had) which may breed error, for from such negligence there may arise many inconveniences.

What may those impediments be ?

By experience at the Sea we find many impediments that so disturb the expected conclusion of our practice, as that they agree not with the true positions of Art.

• For, First it is a matter not common to have the wind so beneficial as that a Ship may sail thereby between any 2 assigned places upon the direct corse, but that by the contrariety of winds, she may be constrained to travers upon all points of the Compass, the nature whereof I have before sufficiently expressed.
• Secondly, Although the wind may be in some sort favour, yet the ship may have such a Leeward condition, as that she may make her way 2 or 3 points from her caping.
  
• Thirdly, the Steerage may be so disorderly handled, as that thereby the Pilot may be abused.
  
• And lastly, The Compass may be so varied, as that the Pilot may likewise thereby be drawn into error, at all which things, and many more, as the nature of his Sayling, whether before the wind, quartering, or by a bowling, or whether with lofty or low sails, with the benefits or hinderances of the Sea, tydegates, streams, and forced let therefore, &c. of all which things (I say) the skilful Pilot must have careful consideration, which are better learned by practice, than taught by pen, for it is not possible that any man can be a good and sufficient Pilot or skilful Seaman, but by painful and diligent practice, with the assistance of Art, whereby the famous Pilot may be esteemed worthy of his Profession as a Member meet for the Common weale.

And now having sufficiently shewed you the ordering of your Chart, for the execution of the skill of Navigation, and being also desirous that you should effectually understand the full nature & use of the same: I think it good by a few questions to give you an occasion to exercise your self, in the perfect accomplishment of such conclusions as are by this excellent and commodious instrument to be performed.

Necessary Questions for the better understanding of the commodious use of the Chart.

1. Q. If I sail 70 leagues upon the Southwest course, I demand how many degrees I shall lay or depress the Pole ?
A. The difference will be 2 degrees, 30 minutes.

2. Q. If in sayling West Northwest I raise the Pole 3 degrees, 30 minutes, I demand how many leagues I have sailed ?
A. The distance sailed is 180 leagues.

3. Q. If in sayling 180 leagues between West and North, I raise the Pole 3 degrees, I demand upon what course I have sayled, and how far I am from the Meridian from whence I began that course ?
A. The Corse sailed is Northweat by West, and the distance from the Meridian is 90 leagues.

4. Q. If in sayling 154 leagues I be 80 leagues West from the Meridian form whence I began my Corse, I demand upon what point of the Compass I have sailed, and how much I have raised the Pole ?
A. The Corse is Northwest by North, and the Pole is raised 6 degrees.

5. Q. If I sail Northwest until I be 50 leagues from the Meridian where I began my Corse: I demand how many leagues I have sailed, and how much the Pole is raised ?
A. The distance sailed is 71 leagues, and the Pole is raised 2 degrees, 32 minutes.

6. Q. If in sayling W.N.W. I do in 30 hours raise 2 degrees, how many degrees should I have raided the Pole if the same motion had been North and by West ?
A. You should have raised 5 degrees.

7. Q. A Ship sayling towards the West, for every 80 leagues that she sayleth in her Corse, she departeth from the Meridian from whence she began the same Corse 45 leagues, I demand upon what point of the Compass, and how many leagues she hath sayled, in raising the Pole 5 degrees?
A. She hath sayled Northwest by North 120 leagues.

8. Q. A Pilot sayling toward the West 100 leagues, hath forgotten his Corse, yet thus he knoweth that if he had sayled upon such a corse, as that in 160 leagues sayling he would have raised the Pole 3 degrees, he should then have been twice as far from the Meridian as now he is, and should also have 1/2 degrees further to the Northward then he now is, I would now know what corse he hath sayled, how many leagues, and how far he is separated from the Meridian, from whence he began the said corse ?
8. A. He hath sayled 88 leagues Northwest by West, & is 73 leagues from the Meridian nearest.

9. Q. Two ships departing from one place, the one sayling 145 leagues toward the west, hath raised the Pole 4 degrees, and the other hath the Pole 7 degrees, and is 95 leagues West from the
Meridian of the place from whence he began his corse, I demand by what corse the said ship hath sayled, and how far they be asunder, and by what corse may they meet ?
A. The first ship hath sayled Northwest by west, the second hath sayled Northwest by North 170 leagues, they are asunder 65 leagues, and the corse between them is North northeast, and South southwest.

10.Q. Two ships sayling from one place, the one in sayling 180 leagues, is to the Eastward of the Meridian where he began his corse 150 leagues, I demand upon what corse, & how many leagues the other ship shall sayl, to bring himself 50 leagues N. by W. from the first Ship ?
A. The first ship hath sayled N.E. by E. and hath raised the Pole 5 degrees, the second ship must sayle Northeast by North 237 leagues.

Although it may seem (to some that are very expert in Navigation) that these Questions are needlesse, and without use, being so plain as not deserving in this sort to be published, nothwithstanding their Opinion, I do in friendly courtesie advise all young Practisers of this excellent Art of Sayling, that they do not only by their Charts prove the truth of these answerd Questions, but also endeavor themselves to propound divers others sorts of Questions, and in seeking their Answers to enter into the Reason thereof: for by such exercise, the young beginner shall understand the substantial grounds of his Chart, and grow perfect therein: for whose ease and furtherance only, I have at this present Published this brief Treatise of Navigation, knowing that the expert Pilot is not unfurnished of these Principles, but every little help doth greatly further in every beginning: And therefore for the further benefit of the Practicer, I have hereunto annexed a particular Sea Chart of our Channel, commonly called the Sleve, by which all that is before spoken as touching the use of the Chart, may be practiced, wherein the depths of the Channel are truely laid down: being an Instrument most commodious and necessary for such as seek the Channel coming out of the Ocean Sea, much of it is from my own practice, the rest from Pilots of very good sufficiency & I have found great certainty by the use of this Chart, for by the Altitude and depth I have not at no time missed the true notice of my Ships being, which (through Gods merciful favour) by my lands falls I have found always to be without terror, therefore have it not in light regard, for it will give you great evidence, and is worthy to be kept as a special jewel for the Seamans use, be he never so expert.

And thus having sufficiently expressed all the practices appertaining to the skill of Horizontal Navigation, which kind of Sayling is now of the greatest sort only practised; I think it good for your better memory, briefly to report that which before is spoken as touching this kind of Navigation, and withal it will not be amisse to shew you after what sort I have been accustomed to keep my Accompts in my practises of Sayling, which you shall find to be very sure, plain, and easie, whereby you may at all times examine what is past, and to reform the causes laid down upon the Chart, if by chance there should be any error be committed. And so concluding this part of Navigation, will in the next Treatise make known unto you the use of the Globe, such uses I mean as Seaman may practice in his Voyages, and that are most necessary for his knowledge.